18 Temmuz 2008 Cuma

Negotiations in English

Negotiations in English

One of the most important skills anyone can hold in daily life is the ability to negotiate. In general terms, a negotiation is a resolution of conflict. We enter negotiations in order to start or continue a relationship and resolve an issue. Even before we accept our first jobs, or begin our careers, we all learn how to negotiate. For one person it begins with the negotiation of an allowance with a parent. For another it involves negotiating a television schedule with a sibling. Some people are naturally stronger negotiators, and are capable of getting their needs met more easily than others. Without the ability to negotiate, people break off relationships, quit jobs, or deliberately avoid conflict and uncomfortable situations.

In the world of business, negotiating skills are used for a variety of reasons, such as to negotiate a salary or a promotion, to secure a sale, or to form a new partnership. Here are a few examples of different types of negotiations in the business world:

  • Manager and Clerk: Negotiating a promotion
  • Employer and Potential Employee: Negotiating job benefits
  • Business Partner A and B: Making decisions about investments
  • Company A and Company B: Negotiating a merger
  • Customer and Client: Making a Sale

The Art of Negotiating

Negotiating is often referred to as an "art". While some people may be naturally more skillful as negotiators, everyone can learn to negotiate. And, as they often say in business, everything is negotiable. Some techniques and skills that aid people in the negotiating process include:

  • Aiming high
  • Visualizing the end results
  • Treating one's opponent with respect and honesty
  • Preparing ahead of time
  • Exhibiting confidence

Throughout this lesson, we will review important techniques and skills to learn before negotiating. We will also examine certain tactics your opponents may use at the negotiating table. These pages are designed to prepare you for for negotiating in English in the business world, but they will also help you achieve your goals in everyday life.

Case Study

For the purpose of this lesson, we will follow the negotiations taking place at a fictional company called Landscape Labourers. Markus, a landscaper who has been with this company for five years, believes he is underpaid. He also thinks he deserves more seniority over his crew members. Markus's manager, Louis is also the owner of Landscape Labourers. Though Louis values Markus more than any of his other labourers, he isn't sure that he can afford to pay him more, especially at this time of year when work is unsteady.

Read through the lesson and find out how Markus prepares his case and presents it to management, and how the two parties negotiate and achieve their goals.

Business Letters in English

Business Letters in English

Business letters are formal paper communications between, to or from businesses and usually sent through the Post Office or sometimes by courier. Business letters are sometimes called "snail-mail" (in contrast to email which is faster). This lesson concentrates on business letters but also looks at other business correspondence. It includes:

  • letter
  • memo
  • fax
  • email

Who writes Business Letters?

Most people who have an occupation have to write business letters. Some write many letters each day and others only write a few letters over the course of a career. Business people also read letters on a daily basis. Letters are written from a person/group, known as the sender to a person/group, known in business as the recipient. Here are some examples of senders and recipients:

  • business «» business
  • business «» consumer
  • job applicant «» company
  • citizen «» government official
  • employer «» employee
  • staff member «» staff member

Why write Business Letters?

There are many reasons why you may need to write business letters or other correspondence:

  • to persuade
  • to inform
  • to request
  • to express thanks
  • to remind
  • to recommend
  • to apologize
  • to congratulate
  • to reject a proposal or offer
  • to introduce a person or policy
  • to invite or welcome
  • to follow up
  • to formalize decisions

Read through the following pages to learn more about the different types of business letters, and how to write them. You will learn about formatting, planning, and writing letters, as well as how to spot your own errors. These pages are designed to help you write business letters and correspondence, but they will also help you learn to read, and therefore respond to, the letters you receive. You will also find samples that you can use and alter for your own needs.